In this period, the dominant thrust centers on the interaction of capital mobility with exchange-rate regimes and the resulting implications for policy autonomy in an open economy. Researchers built integrated frameworks that connect macro stabilization, financial flows, and currency regimes, while also examining how differentiated-trade structures and firm strategies influence policy design and international engagement. Methodologically, the field blends macroeconomic modeling with micro-level analysis of firm behavior and trade patterns to explain how policy, finance, and production choices co-evolve in a global setting.